Saturday, May 3, 2014
13,328 Jamaican MSM Reached by HIV Prevention says report on National HIV Program ........ but

Sunday, June 23, 2013
More snags for the cruising community in 2013
This entry is not about the typical standing on or walking by a street corner or plaza in some city centre and employing ones gaydar to catch poon tangs that is easy and comes natural for some of us but this is about the masculine grizzly targeted thug hunting experience in a specific geographical zone complete with musk, grit, grime, industrial wasteland or green spaces (green grass hotel), sweat, pheromones, no deep emotions, non feminized elements and importantly un-attachment for that quick release of virulent pent up sexual desire in the end however short the time of contact. Some time ago when I last looked at sections of the outdoor cruising communities and sub groups under the MSM umbrella I noticed that some members were bitterly complaining that their haunting grounds were overtaken by the preponderance of homeless or displaced MSM who do not necessarily cruise in this specific sense especially from the New Kingston and Seymour Lands areas and beyond to the outskirts of Old Hope Roads when the homeless groups occupied illegally lands and houses but have since been removed by the local authorities namely the parish council with the aid of the police. Also see: Robbers target male hookers
That particular spot down-town and other older ruins have had incidents prior and as posted here as well but it seems to always been able to recover despite major physical changes made to it and has been used for generations of cruisers as a haunt, heterosexuals also use the area for the occasional sexual encounters and a few female commercial sex workers/substance users also operate in the area by day, they were aware of the shenanigans that took place there but it is a symbiotic relationship it seems according to my cruiser source, the men are not a threat to their business since the cruisers would stay clear when met with such hetero circumstances and vice versa.
I will admit I too have passed through the area in Kingston for a haunt or two but it is not really my cup of tea but one thing is clear all kinds of characters are there surprisingly, some even look like your typical homophobe if seen in another setting and these are not the same populations of men one as experienced as I am see in the LGBT social scene nor in other so called cruising zones as well. This leads me to think that there are many other males though not self identifying as homosexual who prefer this kind of urban discreet rugged outdoor contact for that quickie as a release. I prefer to approach thug types in their own spaces as I have developed my skills at reading them and know the ones to avoid or to approach even when they are homo-curious or bisexual. Anal penetrative sex is not usually the chosen type of contact in outdoor spaces such as this I learnt over the years during my HIV outreach work as safety and ease of escape if discovered is crucial so less tedious activity is chosen that won’t involve removal of clothing that may impede such escape if found or caught by an unsuspecting person who may use the area to also to urinate or defecate.
Scatting and such practices do not factor here in Jamaica although the site as indicated earlier is used as a bathroom since the public restrooms charge for usage so persons avoid them.
Exhibitionists also pass through occasionally according to my trusted senior cruiser friend (who also still wants me and him to hookup) but they come few in between for open masturbation usually alone but more so after a shower or rain when less passers-by are around but enough persons to give them the drive to publicly masturbate seeing that is their urge and incessant need sexually speaking. The two aforementioned partnered masturbators were said to be frequent pass-throughs and my cruiser contact seems still concerned of how they got caught, he even speculates that maybe another would be cruiser may have been upset at the two pairing and not himself being a partner to the act.
In early 2011 that entire section in downtown was bulldozed I can recall under the then Jamaica Labour Party JLP administration when a certain mayoral candidate was around as the area falls in the constituency of that party and some years prior to that a nude handcart man was found dead in the vicinity the cause of death was not clear but a newspaper report suggested he was raped as tests revealed anal trauma. The once vibrant Emancipation Park area in New Kingston that was also a haunt prior to its construction and which attracted persons even after it became a public thoroughfare seems to have lost its fervour. Vendors, police patrols and car parking have since crowded the spot and the occasional exhibitionist as well are not so prevalent any more as an amusement park sits across the street attracting many children, exhibitionist have a particular aversion to carrying out there act in front of children which also is another mystery to me psychologically speaking although it makes some sense as they are not paedophiles so prepubescent persons would not fit their intended profile for near public erotic exposure.
Some questions come to mind some of which I have asked before I believe;
What would attract this set of MSM to these outdoor spots?
Why do they not also social on the main LGBTQ scenes?
Outdoor sex implies an element of danger hence the attractiveness of it?
Why is effeminacy not a prominent trait in this group of MSM?
Is hyper-masculinity or forced masculinization (including aesthetics) a means of protection in these outdoor spaces to avoid profiling or suspicion?
Another incident that came to hand was in western Jamaica by a certain beach front stretch this time however penetrative sex was involved both persons just barely escaped the doom as men swooped down on the unsuspecting couple who were allegedly in high ecstasy while making love. While not a direct cruising matter it was only this month I posted on GLBTQJA of a male couple in St Catherine who had to flee their community after being caught in the act by the grandmother of one who arrived unannounced. Such are the challenges that sometimes cause persons to seek alternate outdoor secret arrangements to compensate for lack of space apart from the other attractive reasons relative to the individuals involved. In that same post I also examined a previous incident in the same parish by a man made water course where a partnered-masturbating male couple were caught and the police also got involved to literally save them from a thrashing from an angry mob that converged after the men swam to safety and retreated in bushes on the opposite side of the canal.
Such are the risks with hook-ups and outdoor cruising but with all those issues persons still seem drawn to the practice/phenomenon I guess an old English adage the closer you are to danger the further you are from harm has some resonance in this somewhere as who would often suspect raunchy illicit sex in open spaces quite unexpectedly? After all female commercial sex workers also use this form of hiding right under your nose ideology too, many of them do engage clients in car parks and inside motor vehicle unbeknownst to passers-by as one would never suspect that activity to close by. Parts of Central Park in New York comes to mind despite police patrols and a vagrancy law I believe but men hook up none the less, France for example has red zones where outdoor sex is allowed undisturbed be it homosexual or heterosexual and the infamous bathroom glory hole cruising is a special feature of French gay male culture. Many Jamaicans who go or now live there have told me the erotic stories. Amsterdam is noted for these zones as well married with open substance use as well whether Jamaica will ever get to this kind of progressive thinking is left to be seen seeing that policing homosexuality is still a major priority in the face of the disease control, The religious/biblical fundamentalist anti-homosexuality imperative; protecting vulnerable youth from homosexuality, as conflated with paedophilia; the imperative of the ‘unnaturalness’ of homosexuality and the imperative of the purity and authenticity of a primordially homosexuality-free global African culture all of which drive our entrenched or hardened positions towards male homosexuality in particular. If we can’t even get passed just making same sex intimacy private for consenting adults on the face of a “keep it to yourself” public sentiments then how are we going to allow some unconventional personal freedoms (though not impeding others) in public spaces?
Sex; we seek it, we enjoy it how some go about it may be unconventional at least bizarre at best but it’s the human condition I guess, after all if we did not have buildings to contend with we may have all been doing it in the bushes.
Peace and tolerance
H
The Cruising community’s dilemma .....
Down low gone mad, Biphobia, or Sexual Abuse?

Tuesday, May 7, 2013
World’s first condom specifically designed for anal sex
A California company has unveiled prototypes of its new accordion-shaped condoms specifically designed for receptive anal intercourse as well as for men and women, and projects that the condoms will go to market in 2015 pending approvals. [Images and video may not be suitable/safe for work (NSFW).]
A California company, Origami Condoms, is planning to roll out a new condom specially designed for anal sex to the market in 2015 pending regulatory approvals.
The accordion-shaped device is the first to be made with injection-molded engineered silicone instead of conventional latex or animal skin. In addition to the Origami R.A.I. (Receptive Anal Intercourse) condom, the company’s range also includes the Male Condom and Female Condom, both of which share a similar accordion-like design.
The Origami Condoms’ website states the O.R.A.I condom is “intended to facilitate a pleasurable and safe experience for both partners, increase its acceptability, improve sensation and comfort, and influence consistent condom compliance for those who engage in anal intercourse and are at risk for contracting HIV/AIDS, and STI/STD.” And to “provide a receptive partner with the initiative to use a condom without negotiation.”
Last month, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation mentioned the new company on its blog saying: “Origami Condoms provides an excellent example of a private enterprise focused on new condom design to promote consistent use by emphasizing the sexual experience.” The foundation is offering a US$100,000 startup grant to innovators to reinvent "the next generation condom that significantly preserves or enhances pleasure" and promotes "regular use."
Before the condom reaches the market in 2015 as the company hopes, it must be approved by the FDA, the WHO and C-Mark (EU) to meet rigorous safety standards. The company also announced on its site that it will launch its crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo on May 7.
ORIGAMI Receptive Anal Intercourse Instruction from ORIGAMI Condoms
Interview with the Inventor from ORIGAMI Condoms
“In 1993, I had a life changing incident, a broken condom and a HIV diagnosis.
This drastically changed my view about condoms,” inventor Danny Resnic said.

Sunday, December 16, 2012
Safer rimming or anilingus .......... tips & suggestions
You might call it tossing salad, rimming, eating @$, a rim job, tongue f---ing, fridge cleaning, battywash or whitewashing the back 40. To a medical professional it's anal/oral sex.
No matter what you call it, following these tips below could really save your butt whether you're tossing someone's salad or they're tossing yours.
General Safer Rimming & Ass Play Tips
1. Douching (flushing inside your butt with water) - If you do it, be gentle and don't rush. Douching can damage the anal canal and drive infections further in. Douching too fast can increase the risk. Also, don't do it immediately before @$ play, do it a few hours before so you're butt isn't so irritated, making it more prone to infections. Don't use soap, it irritates the skin and tissue in and around your butt.
Enemas are sometimes used to treat constipation, or hard stools. Oil retention enemas serve to lubricate the stool and area, help passage. sometimes used ad preliminary enema before tap water or saline type (phosphate) enemas, Soda bottles are a no no as the mouths of them are perverted with sometimes sharp points that can cut the area and make for transmission of HIV or other STI's if a condom or other barrier was not used during the exchange or penetration. Tell your friends who you may know who do this practice.

Do not take the rectal enema by mouth. It is for use only in your rectum.
To use the enema, lie down on your left side with your knees bent.
Remove the cap from the applicator tip and gently insert the tip into your rectum. Slowly squeeze the bottle to empty the contents into the rectum.
For best results, stay lying down until you feel the urge to have a bowel movement. This should occur within 2 to 15 minutes in most cases. Then relieve yourself in the toilet.
If you do not get any results after using sodium biphosphate and sodium phosphate, call your doctor before using another dose. Certain heart drugs also must not be taken with or near the time of the enema, lookout for signs such as unusual bowel movements etc.
Fleet Enema EXTRA contains 70% more volume than Fleet Enema for extra cleansing and relief. The tips of the Fleet Naturals Cleansing Enema contains a water-based lubricant to ease insertion into the rectum. Fleet Naturals is a non-medicated Cleansing Enema designed for personal cleansing at home. Fleet Naturals is intended for safe use whenever you want to feel fresh and clean. Fleet Laxative Enemas are used to relieve occasional constipation, or may be recommended by your physician.
2. Use Dental dams or non-lubricated condoms split lengthwise down the middle to protect yourself during rimming. Mark one side of the barrier so if you drop it, you’ll know which side was yours. Use lube on the side touching your partner to increase his/her pleasure and sensitivity.
3. Latex allergy? - Use polyurethane condoms or female condoms (also polyurethane) to make the dental dam.
3. Sharing sex toys? - Cover them with a condom and change condoms between partners; clean after every use to avoid sharing STDs and parasites.
4. Get vaccinated for Hepatitis A & B (which can be transmitted during anal play)
Protecting Against Herpes
1. Don’t rim someone without a barrier if you’ve got active or recently healed cold sores (herpes). Infections for herpes can also happen four or five days prior to the appearance of sores.
2. If there are sores on your partner’s butt, be sure to use a barrier when rimming him.
3. If a partner has a cold sore (herpes) insist they use a barrier or find other ways to play with each other
Protecting Against Parasites
Use these tips, especially if you don't use a barrier (e.g. split condom or dental dam)...
1. Wash around and just inside the @$hole (anus) before rimming. (Less invasive than douching). Just with douching, don’t use soap when washing inside your anus—it’s an irritant.
2. Get checked for parasites during your regular STI checkup. If you experience diarrhea, cramping, bloating, changes in appetite, weight loss, fatigue or other possible symptoms of a parasitic infection get tested sooner.
There are many health problems that can result from practising anilingus providing the bacteria, viruses, or parasites that cause them are on or in the anus or rectum. These include:
Bacterial diseases - Always possible since human feces is the waste product of the human digestive system including bacteria.
shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)
Viral systemic diseases
hepatitis A
hepatitis B
hepatitis C
poliomyelitis
human papillomavirus (HPV)
herpes simplex virus
Parasites
intestinal parasites
Infections and inflammations
chlamydia infection
gastroenteritis
conjunctivitis
gonorrhea
and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Applying the mouth to the genitals immediately after applying it to the anus can inadvertently introduce the bacterium Escherichia coli("E. coli") into the urethra, leading to a urinary tract infection.
Frequent anilingus with casual partners increases the health risks associated with the practice. Generally, people carrying infections that may be passed on during analingus appear healthy. Parasites may be in the faeces if poorly cooked meat was consumed. The faeces contain traces of Hepatitis A only if the infected person has eaten contaminated food.
Another recent study suggests a correlation between oral sex and throat cancer. It is believed that this is due to the transmission of HPV because this virus has been implicated in most cervical cancers. The study concludes that people who had one to five oral-sex partners in their lifetime had approximately a doubled risk of throat cancer compared with those who never engaged in this activity. Those with more than five oral-sex partners had a 250% increased risk compared with those who never engaged in this activity.
If the receiving partner has wounds or open sores on the genitals, or if the giving partner has wounds or open sores on or in the mouth, or bleeding gums, this poses an increased risk of STD transmission. Brushing the teeth, flossing, undergoing dental work, and eating crunchy foods (such as potato chips) relatively soon before or after performing anilingus also increases the risk of transmission, because all of these activities can cause small scratches on the inside of the lips, cheeks, and palate. These wounds, even when they are microscopic, increase the chances of contracting STDs that can be transmitted orally under these conditions.
Because of disease risks, many medical professionals recommend the use of dental dams in anilingus. An enema can reduce the risk of direct faecal contact. However, a person who receives an enema may still have harmful microbes in the anus after the procedure.
The anus (the anal opening), the anal canal (the first few inches inside), and the rectum are all sensitive in different ways, which is why anal stimulation and penetration can be so pleasurable. The external and internal sphincter muscles surround the anal opening. These muscles can work together or independently of each other, and these are the muscles we must learn to relax in order to achieve comfortable anal penetration whether by a penis, a toy or a tongue. When we talk about the sphincter and pelvic muscles and how they play a role in anal pleasure, we discuss them less in terms of sensitivity and more in terms of how tone and “in shape” they are and how tense or relaxed they are. The anus and the outer part of the anal canal are made of the same sensitive soft tissue and this tissue contains the most concentration of nerve endings of all our anal anatomy. In general, this tissue tends to be more sensitive to touch and vibration. The inner part of the anal canal and the rectum are mucous membrane and have a lot less nerve endings; however this tissue is much more sensitive to pressure (like from penetration).
Men and women have nearly identical anorectal anatomy except for one important difference: men have a prostate gland, which can be stimulated directly via anal penetration, that is why for some men they can ejaculate while being penetrated by another man or by a toy inserted the anus with targeted thrusts. The prostate gland surrounds part of a man’s urethra; it’s behind the pubic bone, below the bladder and above the base of the penis. A mass of muscle, glands, and connective tissue, the prostate is about the size and shape of a walnut; it produces ejaculatory fluid that combines with sperm and fluid from the seminal vesicles to create male ejaculate. Men can experience direct prostate stimulation when they are anally penetrated. It can be found by sliding a finger (or toy) about one to two inches inside a man’s ass and aiming toward the front of his body.
While women don’t have a prostate, but we do have a G-spot and can experience indirect G-spot stimulation through anal penetration. The G-spot is the urethral sponge which sits around the urethra; to find it, slip a finger inside her vagina an inch to an inch and a half and toward the front of her body. The G-spot can be stimulated through the front wall of the vagina or indirectly though anal sex.

Aphrodite's P.R.I.D.E Jamaica, APJ launched their website
Aphrodite's P.R.I.D.E Jamaica, APJ launched their website on December 1 2015 on World AIDS Day where they hosted a docu-film and after discussions on the film Human Vol 1
VACANT AT LAST! SHOEMAKERGULLY: DISPLACED MSM/TRANS PERSONS WERE IS CLEARED DECEMBER 2014
Question is what will happen to the population now as they struggle for a roof over their heads and food etc. The Superintendent who proposed a shelter idea (that seemingly has been ignored by JFLAG et al) was the one who led the raid/eviction.
the CVM NEWS Story HERE on the eviction/raid taken by the police
also see a flashback to some of the troubling issues with the populations and the descending relationships between JASL, JFLAG and the displaced/homeless GBT youth in New Kingston: Rowdy Gays Strike - J-FLAG Abandons Raucous Homosexuals Misbehaving In New Kingston
GLBTQJA (Blogger): HERE

May 22, 2015, see: MP Seeks Solutions For Homeless Gay Youth In New Kingston
War of words between pro & anti gay activists on HIV matters .......... what hypocrisy is this?
Homeless MSM Challenges and relationships with agencies overview ........
In a shocking move JFLAG decided not to invite or include homeless MSM in their IDAHO activity for 2013 thus leaving many in wonderment as to the reason for their existence or if the symposium was for "experts" only while offering mere tokenism to homeless persons in the reported feeding program. LISTEN TO THE AUDIO ENTRY HERE sad that the activity was also named in honour of one of JFLAG's founders who joined the event via Skype only to realise the issue he held so dear in his time was treated with such disrespect and dishonour. Have LGBT NGOs lost their way and are so mainstream they have forgotten their true calling?
Newstalk 93FM's Issues On Fire: Polygamy Should Be Legalized In Jamaica 08.04.14
Also with recent public discourse on polyamorous relationships, threesomes (FAME FM Uncensored) and on social.
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Information, Disclaimer and more
This blog contains pictures and images that may be disturbing. As we seek to highlight the plight of victims of homophobic violence here in Jamaica, the purpose of the pics is to show physical evidence of claims of said violence over the years and to bring a voice of the same victims to the world.
Many recover over time, at pains, as relocation and hiding are options in that process. Please view with care or use theHappenings section to select other posts of a different nature.
Not all persons depicted in photos are gay or lesbian and it is not intended to portray them as such, save and except for the relevance of the particular post under which they appear.
Please use the snapshot feature to preview by pointing the cursor at the item(s) of interest. Such item(s) have a small white dialogue box icon appearing to their top right hand side.
God Bless
Other Blogs I write to:
http://glbtqjamaica.blogspot.com/
Recent Homophobic Incidents CLICK HERE for related posts/labels from glbtqjamaica's blog & HERE for those I am aware of.
contact:
lgbtevent@gmail.com
b) Only give name and address and no other information until a lawyer is present to assist
c) Try to be polite even if the scenario is tense
d) Don’t do anything to aggravate the situation
e) Every complaint lodged at a police station should be filed and a receipt produced, this is not a legal requirement but an administrative one for the police to track reports
f) Never sign to a statement other than the one produced by you in the presence of the officer(s)
g) Try to capture a recording of the exchange or incident or call someone so they can hear what occurs, place on speed dial important numbers or text someone as soon as possible
h) File a civil suit if you feel your rights have been violated
i) When making a statement to the police have all or most of the facts and details together for e.g. "a car" vs. "the car" represents two different descriptions
j) Avoid having the police writing the statement on your behalf except incases of injuries, make sure what you want to say is recorded carefully, ask for a copy if it means that you have to return for it
glbtqjamaica@live.com
Bail and its importance -
If one is locked up then the following may apply:
Locked up over a weekend - Arrested pursuant to being charged or detained There must be reasonable suspicion i.e. about to commit a crime, committing a crime or have committed a crime. There are two standards that must be met:
1). Subjective standard: what the officer(s) believed to have happened
2). Objective standard: proper and diligent collection of evidence that implicates the accused To remove or restrain a citizen’s liberty it cannot be done on mere suspicion and must have the above two standards
Police officers can offer bail with exceptions for murder, treason and alleged gun offences, under the Justice of the Peace Act a JP can also come to the police station and bail a person, this provision as incorporated into the bail act in the late nineties
Once a citizen is arrested bail must be considered within twelve hours of entering the station – the agents of the state must give consideration as to whether or not the circumstances of the case requires that bail be given
The accused can ask that a Justice of the Peace be brought to the station any time of the day. By virtue of taking the office excluding health and age they are obliged to assist in securing bail
"Bail is not a matter for daylight"
Locked up and appearing in court:
Bail is offered at the courts office provided it was extended by the court; it is the court that has the jurisdiction over the police with persons in custody is concerned.
Bail can still be offered if you were arrested and charged without being taken to court a JP can still intervene and assist with the bail process.
Other Points of Interest:
The accused has a right to know of the exact allegation
The detainee could protect himself, he must be careful not to be exposed to any potential witness
Avoid being viewed as police may deliberately expose detainees
Bail is not offered to persons allegedly with gun charges
Persons who allegedly interfere with minors do not get bail
If over a long period without charge a writ of habeas corpus however be careful of the police doing last minute charges so as to avoid an error
Every instance that a matter is brought before the court and bail was refused before the accused can apply for bail as it is set out in the bail act as every court appearance is a chance to ask for bail
Each case is determined by its own merit – questions to be considered for bail:
a) Is the accused a flight risk?
b) Are there any other charges that the police may place against the accused?
c) Is the accused likely to interfere with any witnesses?
d) What is the strength of the crown’s/prosecution’s case?
Poor performing judges can be dealt with at the Judicial Review Court level or a letter to the Chief Justice can start the process
Human Rights Advocacy for GLBT Community Report 2009
What Human Rights .............
What are Human Rights?
By definition human rights are our inalienable fundamental rights. Inalienable means that which cannot be taken away. So our human rights are bestowed upon us from the moment we are born and, thus we are all entitled to these rights. Because we are entitled to our human rights and they cannot and should not be taken away from us, we as a people must strive to protect them, government should protect them and breaches of our rights should be highlighted and addressed appropriately.
Human rights are the same for everyone irrespective of colour, class or creed, and are applicable at both the national and international level. In Jamaica, our human rights are enshrined in and protected by our Constitution. Internationally, there have been numerous laws and treaties enacted specifically for the protection of human rights.
Milestone document
Most notably of these is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This declaration is seen as a milestone document in the history of human rights. It was proclaimed by the United Nations, in 1948, as a common standard of achievements for all nations, and sets out the fundamental human rights to be universally recognised and protected.
The Declaration sets out the following rights:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Equality before the law
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
Everyone has the right to freedom of movement
Everyone has the right to a nationality.
(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.
(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government;
Everyone has the right to education.
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.